Biological Scienceshttp://hdl.handle.net/10311/672024-03-28T04:42:37Z2024-03-28T04:42:37ZPrevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia intestinalis and molecular characterization of group A rotavirus associated with diarrhea in children below five years old in Gaborone, BotswanaKurenzvi, LineageSebunya, Teresa KibirigeCoetzee, TidimaloPaganotti, Giacomo MariaTeye, Mathias Vondeehttp://hdl.handle.net/10311/24822023-01-17T00:02:58Z2020-10-14T00:00:00ZPrevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia intestinalis and molecular characterization of group A rotavirus associated with diarrhea in children below five years old in Gaborone, Botswana
Kurenzvi, Lineage; Sebunya, Teresa Kibirige; Coetzee, Tidimalo; Paganotti, Giacomo Maria; Teye, Mathias Vondee
Introduction
Cryptosporidium, Giardia and rotaviruses are amongst the leading causes of acute gastroenteritis in children ≤5 years worldwide. The purpose of this study was to determine the occurrence of Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia intestinalis and molecular characteristics of rotaviruses after Rotarix® introduction in Botswana.
Methods
in this case study, 200 diarrheic stool specimens and 100 control samples from children under five years old were collected between March and November, 2017. Samples were analyzed by modified Ziehl Neelsen staining technique for cryptosporidium, wet mount procedure for Giardia and negative samples were confirmed by immunochromatographic assay. Specimens were analyzed for rotavirus by ELISA, PAGE, RT-PCR, sequencing of VP7 and VP4 antigen followed by phylogenetic analysis.
Results
prevalence rates of 20.5%, 16.5% and 11.0% in diarrhea cases were observed for Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia intestinalis and rotavirus, respectively. Four percent of diarrheic specimens had multiple infections. The predominant rotavirus genotype was GIP[8] (7/15) followed by G2P[4] (2/15) and G3P[8] (1/15). Twenty percent of specimens were non-typeable. One mixed strain, G1+G2P[4,8] (2/15), was detected. Phylogenetic analysis of VP4 and VP7 sequences clustered Botswana rotavirus strains within G1 lineages 1 and 2, G3 lineage 1, P[8] lineage 3 and P[4] lineage 5 together with Southern African strains.
Conclusion
this study provides important information on occurrence and demographic risk groups for Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia intestinalis and rotavirus in young children as well as genetic diversity of rotaviruses after vaccine introduction in Botswana. Constant monitoring of circulating rotavirus strains is essential in assessing effectiveness of current vaccines in Botswana.
2020-10-14T00:00:00ZTechnological advances in phytopathogen detection and metagenome profiling techniquesJongman, MosimanegapeCarmichael, Patricia C.Bill, Malickhttp://hdl.handle.net/10311/24812023-01-17T00:02:56Z2020-01-01T00:00:00ZTechnological advances in phytopathogen detection and metagenome profiling techniques
Jongman, Mosimanegape; Carmichael, Patricia C.; Bill, Malick
The use of advanced molecular methods in plant pathology and applied microbiology has necessitated for more accurate, rapid detection and identification of plant pathogens. This is particularly significant given accelerated emergence of virulence that leads to increased prevalence of plant pathogens. Thus, the capacity to contain plant pathogens and ultimately disease progression is key to ensuring crop biosecurity and overall food security. Of recent, research on pathogens utilizes a holistic approach focusing on elucidating growth dynamics within the entire biome rather than studying individual or closely related isolates in unison. This has advanced knowledge and information of microbial ecosystem within natural environments in the twenty first century. Applied technological platforms used for rapid detection and profiling microbial biomes in this regard include digital PCR, pyrosequencing, Illumina, DNA microarray and barcoding, Ion torrent, and nanopore. These technologies have been applied in various fields including human health and medicine, marine and animal biology, crop production and water quality research, to mention but a few. Although much has been done and achieved through the development of several technologies, more accuracy is required to circumvent the shortfalls still experienced. This includes integrating existing methods with new applications such as viability PCRs and microbial viability testing. Hence, this review provides critical analysis of some widely used latest technologies in rapid detection and identification of plant pathogens, and profiling plant associated microbiomes that reveal growth dynamics and population diversity. The advantages and limitations of the technologies are also discussed.
2020-01-01T00:00:00ZBiosurfactant production by halophilic yeasts isolated from extreme environments in BotswanaDaniel, LoetoMosimanegape, JongmanLerato, LekoteMbaki, MuzilaMargaret, MokomaneKoketso, MotlhankaThando, NdlovuNerve, Zhouhttp://hdl.handle.net/10311/24802023-01-17T00:01:46Z2021-01-01T00:00:00ZBiosurfactant production by halophilic yeasts isolated from extreme environments in Botswana
Daniel, Loeto; Mosimanegape, Jongman; Lerato, Lekote; Mbaki, Muzila; Margaret, Mokomane; Koketso, Motlhanka; Thando, Ndlovu; Nerve, Zhou
Nine morphologically distinct halophilic yeasts were isolated from Makgadikgadi and Sua pans, as pristine and extreme environments in Botswana. Screening for biosurfactant production showed that Rhodotorula mucilaginosa SP6 and Debaryomyces hansenii MK9 exhibited the highest biosurfactant activity using Xanthocercis zambesiaca seed powder as a novel and alternative inexpensive carbon substrate. Chemical characterization of the purified biosurfactants by Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy suggested that the biosurfactant from R. mucilaginosa SP6 was a rhamnolipid-type whereas the biosurfactant from D. hansenii MK9 was a sophorolipid-type. The two biosurfactants exhibited antimicrobial activities against eight pathogenic bacteria and fungal strains (Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida albicans and Aspergilus niger). The sophorolopid-type biosurfactant was found to be the most potent among the antimicrobial drug resistant strains tested. The findings open up prospects for the development of environmentally friendly antimicrobial drugs that use an inexpensive source of carbon to reduce the costs associated with the production of biosurfactants.
2021-01-01T00:00:00ZAdvances in the use of biocontrol applications in preharvest and postharvest environments: a food safety milestoneMosimanegape, JongmanPatricia, CarmichaelDaniel, LoetoAnnancietar, Gombahttp://hdl.handle.net/10311/24792023-01-17T00:01:15Z2022-04-01T00:00:00ZAdvances in the use of biocontrol applications in preharvest and postharvest environments: a food safety milestone
Mosimanegape, Jongman; Patricia, Carmichael; Daniel, Loeto; Annancietar, Gomba
Increasing concerns toward food safety and public health have rendered the use of synthetic chemicals in agricultural environments unacceptable. A shift toward biologically safe approaches has been considered a preferred strategy within the food handling chain and has received increasing attention over the past years in managing undesirable microbial growth. Although several studies have looked at the mode of action of most antagonists, the manipulation of microbial communities in food safety has not been fully explored. Very little is known about the effect of microbial diversity and composition in developing a healthy environmental approach for pathogen management in the farm to fork continuum. In view of the progress made in recent years in metagenomic technologies, information generated should be used to develop a dynamic approach that will consider a comprehensive approach involving environmentally friendly strategies in dealing with food losses caused by microbes to ensure food safety. Thus, this review includes information on the latest biocontrol applications to suppress undesirable microbial growth and extend fresh produce shelf life along the farm to fork continuum. The role of recent trends related to the potential of microbiomes in food safety and quality is further discussed. The use of physical treatments against pathogen growth is also highlighted.
2022-04-01T00:00:00Z